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SEM Scanning Electron Microscope - translation to Αγγλικά
![Inside the aberration corrector ([[hexapole]]-hexapole type)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Abbcorr1.JPG?width=200 "Inside the aberration corrector ([[hexapole]]-hexapole type)")
![M. von Ardenne's]] first SEM](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/First Scanning Electron Microscope with high resolution from Manfred von Ardenne 1937.jpg?width=200 "M. von Ardenne's]] first SEM")
![Low-temperature SEM magnification series for a [[snow]] crystal. The crystals are captured, stored, and sputter-coated with platinum at cryogenic temperatures for imaging.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LT-SEM snow crystal magnification series-3.jpg?width=200 "Low-temperature SEM magnification series for a [[snow]] crystal. The crystals are captured, stored, and sputter-coated with platinum at cryogenic temperatures for imaging.")
.svg?width=200 "Schematic of an SEM")
![SEM image of ''[[Cobaea scandens]]'' pollen](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Cobaea scandens1-4.jpg?width=200 "SEM image of ''[[Cobaea scandens]]'' pollen")
![Colored SEM image of ''[[Tradescantia]]'' pollen and stamens](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Tradescantia tolmukakarvad ja õietolm.JPG ?width=200 "Colored SEM image of ''[[Tradescantia]]'' pollen and stamens")
![Colored SEM image of native [[gold]] and [[arsenopyrite]] crystal intergrowth](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Gold on arsenopyrite SEM image.png ?width=200 "Colored SEM image of native [[gold]] and [[arsenopyrite]] crystal intergrowth")
![An SEM stereo pair of [[microfossils]] of less than 1 mm in size ([[Ostracoda]]) produced by tilting along the longitudinal axis.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/SEM Stereo Pair.jpg?width=200 "An SEM stereo pair of [[microfossils]] of less than 1 mm in size ([[Ostracoda]]) produced by tilting along the longitudinal axis.")
![MountainsSEM]] software, see next image); then a series of 3D representations with different angles have been made and assembled into a GIF file to produce this animation.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/SEM Stereo pair of micro-fossil (Juxilyocypris schwarzbachi Ostracoda).gif?width=200 "MountainsSEM]] software, see next image); then a series of 3D representations with different angles have been made and assembled into a GIF file to produce this animation.")
![roughness]] calibration sample (as used to calibrate profilometers), from 2 scanning electron microscope images tilted by 15° (top left). The calculation of the 3D model (bottom right) takes about 1.5 secondStereo SEM reconstruction using MountainsMap SEM version 7.4 on i7 2600 CPU at 3.4 GHz and the error on the Ra roughness value calculated is less than 0.5%.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/3D surface reconstruction from 2 scanning electron microscope images.gif?width=200 "roughness]] calibration sample (as used to calibrate profilometers), from 2 scanning electron microscope images tilted by 15° (top left). The calculation of the 3D model (bottom right) takes about 1.5 secondStereo SEM reconstruction using MountainsMap SEM version 7.4 on i7 2600 CPU at 3.4 GHz and the error on the Ra roughness value calculated is less than 0.5%.")
![SEM 3D reconstruction from the previous using [[shape from shading]] algorithms.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Fly Eye 3D SEM Image with form.jpg?width=200 "SEM 3D reconstruction from the previous using [[shape from shading]] algorithms.")
![artificial coloring]] makes the image easier for non-specialists to view and understand the structures and surfaces revealed in micrographs.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Soybean cyst nematode and egg SEM.jpg?width=200 "artificial coloring]] makes the image easier for non-specialists to view and understand the structures and surfaces revealed in micrographs.")
![[[Compound eye]] of [[Antarctic krill]] ''Euphausia superba''. Arthropod eyes are a common subject in SEM micrographs due to the depth of focus that an SEM image can capture. Colored picture.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Krilleyekils.jpg?width=200 "[[Compound eye]] of [[Antarctic krill]] ''Euphausia superba''. Arthropod eyes are a common subject in SEM micrographs due to the depth of focus that an SEM image can capture. Colored picture.")
![TEM]]. Colored picture.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Antarctic krill ommatidia.jpg?width=200 "TEM]]. Colored picture.")
![blood]]. This is an older and noisy micrograph of a common subject for SEM micrographs: red blood cells.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/SEM blood cells.jpg?width=200 "blood]]. This is an older and noisy micrograph of a common subject for SEM micrographs: red blood cells.")
![hederelloid]] from the [[Devonian]] of Michigan (largest tube diameter is 0.75 mm). The SEM is used extensively for capturing detailed images of micro and macro fossils.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/HederelloidSEM.jpg?width=200 "hederelloid]] from the [[Devonian]] of Michigan (largest tube diameter is 0.75 mm). The SEM is used extensively for capturing detailed images of micro and macro fossils.")
![Backscattered electron (BSE) image of an [[antimony]]-rich region in a fragment of ancient glass. Museums use SEMs for studying valuable artifacts in a nondestructive manner.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/BSEGlassInclusionSb.jpg?width=200 "Backscattered electron (BSE) image of an [[antimony]]-rich region in a fragment of ancient glass. Museums use SEMs for studying valuable artifacts in a nondestructive manner.")
![field emission]] SEM. These SEMs are important in the semiconductor industry for their high-resolution capabilities.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Photoresist SEM micrograph.JPG?width=200 "field emission]] SEM. These SEMs are important in the semiconductor industry for their high-resolution capabilities.")
![Two images of the same [[depth hoar]] [[snow]] crystal, viewed through a light microscope (left) and as an SEM image (right). Note how the SEM image allows for clear perception of the fine structure details which are hard to fully make out in the light microscope image.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LightLTSEM.jpg?width=200 "Two images of the same [[depth hoar]] [[snow]] crystal, viewed through a light microscope (left) and as an SEM image (right). Note how the SEM image allows for clear perception of the fine structure details which are hard to fully make out in the light microscope image.")
![Epidermal cells from the inner surface of an [[onion]] flake. Beneath the shagreen-like cell walls one can see nuclei and small organelles floating in the cytoplasm. This BSE-image of a lanthanoid-stained sample was taken without prior fixation, nor dehydration, nor sputtering.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Onion flake. Cells. SEM-BSE.jpg?width=200 "Epidermal cells from the inner surface of an [[onion]] flake. Beneath the shagreen-like cell walls one can see nuclei and small organelles floating in the cytoplasm. This BSE-image of a lanthanoid-stained sample was taken without prior fixation, nor dehydration, nor sputtering.")
общая лексика
растровый [сканирующий] электронный микроскоп
медицина
сканирующая электронная микроскопия
нефтегазовая промышленность
сканирующая электронная микроскопия (для анализа керна)
Ορισμός
Βικιπαίδεια
A scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) is a type of transmission electron microscope (TEM). Pronunciation is [stɛm] or [ɛsti:i:ɛm]. As with a conventional transmission electron microscope (CTEM), images are formed by electrons passing through a sufficiently thin specimen. However, unlike CTEM, in STEM the electron beam is focused to a fine spot (with the typical spot size 0.05 – 0.2 nm) which is then scanned over the sample in a raster illumination system constructed so that the sample is illuminated at each point with the beam parallel to the optical axis. The rastering of the beam across the sample makes STEM suitable for analytical techniques such as Z-contrast annular dark-field imaging, and spectroscopic mapping by energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, or electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). These signals can be obtained simultaneously, allowing direct correlation of images and spectroscopic data.
A typical STEM is a conventional transmission electron microscope equipped with additional scanning coils, detectors, and necessary circuitry, which allows it to switch between operating as a STEM, or a CTEM; however, dedicated STEMs are also manufactured.
High-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopes require exceptionally stable room environments. In order to obtain atomic resolution images in STEM, the level of vibration, temperature fluctuations, electromagnetic waves, and acoustic waves must be limited in the room housing the microscope.
